WHERE - COUNTRIES OF BIRTH OF TRAVELLERS
Between 2004 and 2008, the source countries of birth of travellers contributing to NOM numbered over 200 countries. For those who contributed to temporary NOM in 2008, the top 10 countries of birth (based on 2008) contributed 72%.
For the temporary visa group, people born in India, recorded the highest proportionate input to temporary NOM for the period 2006 to 2008, increasing from 17% to 23%. India replaced China, which was the highest contributor in 2004 and 2005. India-born travellers with temporary visas contributed 15% to total NOM in 2008 while travellers from China contributed 9%.
In 2008, there were 56 times more NOM arrivals than NOM departures for temporary visa holders who were Nepal-born travellers. In part, this may be due to the relatively small number of Nepal-born arriving in earlier years, especially prior to 2007; NOM arrivals increased around 260% between 2006 and 2007 while NOM departures remained relatively stable over the five year period. Additionally, it should be kept in mind that visa status can change while onshore. For South Africa-born travellers there were 14 times more NOM arrivals than NOM departures for temporary visa holders, and there were 11 times more India-born NOM arrivals than NOM departures.
NOM(a), Temporary visas(b) - Country of birth(c) - 2004 and 2008
| ||||||
 |
2004
|
2008
| ||||
| Country of birth(c) |
NOM arrivals
|
NOM departures
|
NOM
|
NOM arrivals
|
NOM departures
|
NOM
|
Number(no.) | ||||||
| India |
13 718
|
2 166
|
11 552
|
51 228
|
4 728
|
46 500
|
| China(d) |
22 021
|
4 691
|
17 330
|
37 642
|
8 140
|
29 502
|
| UK, CIs & IOM(e) |
19 543
|
8 631
|
10 912
|
27 148
|
8 863
|
18 285
|
| South Africa |
2 727
|
526
|
2 201
|
9 899
|
711
|
9 188
|
| Nepal |
342
|
175
|
167
|
9 330
|
168
|
9 162
|
| South Korea |
8 660
|
3 613
|
5 047
|
15 601
|
6 866
|
8 735
|
| Philippines |
2 562
|
691
|
1 871
|
9 834
|
1 694
|
8 140
|
| Vietnam |
1 817
|
713
|
1 104
|
7 793
|
1 186
|
6 607
|
| Malaysia |
8 747
|
3 332
|
5 415
|
9 285
|
3 962
|
5 323
|
| Ireland |
2 837
|
1 408
|
1 429
|
7 153
|
1 934
|
5 219
|
| Other countries |
72 305
|
38 086
|
34 219
|
102 774
|
45 625
|
57 149
|
| All countries - all temporary visas |
155 279
|
64 032
|
91 247
|
287 687
|
83 877
|
203 810
|
| All countries - total NOM |
350 989
|
212 204
|
138 785
|
535 966
|
220 280
|
315 686
|
Proportion of temporary NOM(%) | ||||||
| India |
8.8
|
3.4
|
12.7
|
17.8
|
5.6
|
22.8
|
| China(d) |
14.2
|
7.3
|
19.0
|
13.1
|
9.7
|
14.5
|
| UK, CIs & IOM(e) |
12.6
|
13.5
|
12.0
|
9.4
|
10.6
|
9.0
|
| South Africa |
1.8
|
0.8
|
2.4
|
3.4
|
0.8
|
4.5
|
| Nepal |
0.2
|
0.3
|
0.2
|
3.2
|
0.2
|
4.5
|
| South Korea |
5.6
|
5.6
|
5.5
|
5.4
|
8.2
|
4.3
|
| Philippines |
1.6
|
1.1
|
2.1
|
3.4
|
2.0
|
4.0
|
| Vietnam |
1.2
|
1.1
|
1.2
|
2.7
|
1.4
|
3.2
|
| Malaysia |
5.6
|
5.2
|
5.9
|
3.2
|
4.7
|
2.6
|
| Ireland |
1.8
|
2.2
|
1.6
|
2.5
|
2.3
|
2.6
|
| Other countries |
46.6
|
59.5
|
37.5
|
35.7
|
54.4
|
28.0
|
| All countries - % of temporary NOM |
100.0
|
100.0
|
100.0
|
100.0
|
100.0
|
100.0
|
Proportion of total NOM(%) | ||||||
| India |
3.9
|
1.0
|
8.3
|
9.6
|
2.1
|
14.7
|
| China(d) |
6.3
|
2.2
|
12.5
|
7.0
|
3.7
|
9.3
|
| UK, CIs & IOM(e) |
5.6
|
4.1
|
7.9
|
5.1
|
4.0
|
5.8
|
| South Africa |
0.8
|
0.2
|
1.6
|
1.8
|
0.3
|
2.9
|
| Nepal |
0.1
|
0.1
|
0.1
|
1.7
|
0.1
|
2.9
|
| South Korea |
2.5
|
1.7
|
3.6
|
2.9
|
3.1
|
2.8
|
| Philippines |
0.7
|
0.3
|
1.3
|
1.8
|
0.8
|
2.6
|
| Vietnam |
0.5
|
0.3
|
0.8
|
1.5
|
0.5
|
2.1
|
| Malaysia |
2.5
|
1.6
|
3.9
|
1.7
|
1.8
|
1.7
|
| Ireland |
0.8
|
0.7
|
1.0
|
1.3
|
0.9
|
1.7
|
| Other countries |
20.6
|
17.9
|
24.7
|
19.2
|
20.7
|
18.1
|
| All countries - % of total NOM |
44.2
|
30.2
|
65.7
|
53.7
|
38.1
|
64.6
|
| (a) NOM estimates are final and based on the 12/16 month rule methodology. They have not been used in compiling Australia's official estimated resident population (ERP) until September quarter 2006 and onwards. | ||||||
| (b) The visa category information represents the number of visas based on the visa type at the time of a traveller's specific movement. It is this specific movement that has been used to calculate NOM. | ||||||
| (c) Top 10 countries of birth, based on all temporary visa holders contributing to NOM in 2008. | ||||||
| (d) China (excludes SARs and Taiwan). | ||||||
| (e) United Kingdom, Channel Islands & Isle of Man. | ||||||
While NOM arrivals exceeded NOM departures for all top 10 countries, the magnitude in the disparity for each of the countries varied greatly. For example, for South Korea-born, there were just over twice as many NOM arrivals as NOM departures. However, at the other extreme were Nepal-born, with 56 times more.
Top 10 countries and temporary visas used
NOM(a), Temporary visa type(b) - Country of birth(c): Number and proportion of all temporary visas, Australia - 2008
| |||||||||
|
TEMPORARY VISA TYPE(b)
| ||||||||
| Country of birth(c) |
Vocational education and training sector
|
Higher education sector
|
Student other
|
Total international student visas
|
Business long-stay (subclass 457)
|
Visitor
|
Working holiday
|
Other temporary visas
|
All temporary visas
|
Number(no.) | |||||||||
| India |
12 498
|
28 088
|
423
|
41 009
|
4 485
|
1 744
|
5
|
-743
|
46 500
|
| China(d) |
4 134
|
15 654
|
6 666
|
26 454
|
2 973
|
1 268
|
72
|
-1 265
|
29 502
|
| UK, CIs & IOM(e) |
511
|
187
|
42
|
740
|
6 553
|
5 434
|
6 040
|
-482
|
18 285
|
| South Africa |
121
|
111
|
25
|
257
|
7 152
|
1 458
|
186
|
135
|
9 188
|
| Nepal |
7 184
|
1 696
|
79
|
8 959
|
191
|
55
|
-
|
-43
|
9 162
|
| South Korea |
1 216
|
273
|
1 440
|
2 929
|
95
|
1 744
|
4 570
|
-603
|
8 735
|
| Philippines |
812
|
269
|
150
|
1 231
|
6 743
|
552
|
10
|
-396
|
8 140
|
| Vietnam |
304
|
3 994
|
1 175
|
5 473
|
626
|
637
|
3
|
-132
|
6 607
|
| Malaysia |
365
|
2 028
|
1 052
|
3 445
|
567
|
1 722
|
3
|
-414
|
5 323
|
| Ireland |
6
|
17
|
4
|
27
|
79
|
619
|
4 771
|
-277
|
5 219
|
| Other countries |
8 433
|
11 262
|
11 477
|
31 172
|
8 154
|
13 182
|
7 448
|
-2 807
|
57 149
|
| All countries |
35 584
|
63 579
|
22 533
|
121 696
|
37 618
|
28 415
|
23 108
|
-7 027
|
203 810
|
Proportion of all temporary visas(%) | |||||||||
| India |
6.1
|
13.8
|
0.2
|
20.1
|
2.2
|
0.9
|
-
|
-0.4
|
22.8
|
| China(d) |
2.0
|
7.7
|
3.3
|
13.0
|
1.5
|
0.6
|
-
|
-0.6
|
14.5
|
| UK, CIs & IOM(e) |
0.3
|
0.1
|
-
|
0.4
|
3.2
|
2.7
|
3.0
|
-0.2
|
9.0
|
| South Africa |
0.1
|
0.1
|
-
|
0.1
|
3.5
|
0.7
|
0.1
|
0.1
|
4.5
|
| Nepal |
3.5
|
0.8
|
-
|
4.4
|
0.1
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
4.5
|
| South Korea |
0.6
|
0.1
|
0.7
|
1.4
|
-
|
0.9
|
2.2
|
-0.3
|
4.3
|
| Philippines |
0.4
|
0.1
|
0.1
|
0.6
|
3.3
|
0.3
|
-
|
-0.2
|
4.0
|
| Vietnam |
0.1
|
2.0
|
0.6
|
2.7
|
0.3
|
0.3
|
-
|
-0.1
|
3.2
|
| Malaysia |
0.2
|
1.0
|
0.5
|
1.7
|
0.3
|
0.8
|
-
|
-0.2
|
2.6
|
| Ireland |
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
0.3
|
2.3
|
-0.1
|
2.6
|
| Other countries |
4.1
|
5.5
|
5.6
|
15.3
|
4.0
|
6.5
|
3.7
|
-1.4
|
28.0
|
| All countries |
17.5
|
31.2
|
11.1
|
59.7
|
18.5
|
13.9
|
11.3
|
-3.4
|
100.0
|
| - nil or rounded to zero (including null cells) | |||||||||
| (a) NOM estimates are final and based on the 12/16 month rule methodology. They have not been used in compiling Australia's official estimated resident population (ERP) until September quarter 2006 and onwards. | |||||||||
| (b) The visa category information represents the number of visas based on the visa type at the time of a traveller's specific movement. It is this specific movement that has been used to calculate NOM. | |||||||||
| (c) Top 10 countries of birth, based on all temporary visa holders contributing to NOM in 2008. | |||||||||
| (d) China (excludes SARs and Taiwan). | |||||||||
| (e) United Kingdom, Channel Islands & Isle of Man. | |||||||||
While New Zealand citizens were an important component of NOM (12%), they were not in the top 10 countries of birth for temporary visa holders. Since the introduction of the Trans-Tasman travel agreement in 1973, New Zealand citizens are free to visit, live and work in Australia at any time. New Zealand citizens are not required to apply for a visa before entering Australia. They need only a valid New Zealand passport and are issued with a specific New Zealand citizen visa (Special Category Visa) at the Australian border.
For all temporary NOM travellers in 2008, 60% travelled on international student visas. India-born students contributed 20% of all visa holders contributing to temporary NOM, followed by China-born students (13%) and Nepal-born students (4%). The second visa group, business long-stay (subclass 457) accounted for 18% of all temporary visa holders. South Africa-born (4%) recorded the highest proportion of travellers in this group, followed by Philippines-born and the United Kingdom-born (each 3%).
Travellers from different countries were more likely to utilise specific visa types to travel as seen in the following table showing temporary visas by visa type and the proportion for each country of birth. In 2008, just over 88% of all India-born travellers on temporary entry visas were students, with 60% being higher education sector students. For Nepal-born, 98% travelled on student visas with vocational education and training sector visas accounting for 78% of the travellers.
NOM(a), Temporary visa type(b) - Country of birth(c): Proportion for each country of birth, Australia - 2008
| |||||||||
|
Temporary visa type(b)
| ||||||||
|
Vocational education and training sector
|
Higher education sector
|
Student other
|
Total international student visas
|
Business long-stay (subclass 457)
|
Visitor
|
Working holiday
|
Other temporary visas
|
All temporary visas
|
| Country of birth(c) |
%
|
%
|
%
|
%
|
%
|
%
|
%
|
%
|
%
|
| India |
26.9
|
60.4
|
0.9
|
88.2
|
9.6
|
3.8
|
-
|
-1.6
|
100.0
|
| China(d) |
14.0
|
53.1
|
22.6
|
89.7
|
10.1
|
4.3
|
0.2
|
-4.3
|
100.0
|
| UK, CIs & IOM(e) |
2.8
|
1.0
|
0.2
|
4.0
|
35.8
|
29.7
|
33.0
|
-2.6
|
100.0
|
| South Africa |
1.3
|
1.2
|
0.3
|
2.8
|
77.8
|
15.9
|
2.0
|
1.5
|
100.0
|
| Nepal |
78.4
|
18.5
|
0.9
|
97.8
|
2.1
|
0.6
|
-
|
-0.5
|
100.0
|
| South Korea |
13.9
|
3.1
|
16.5
|
33.5
|
1.1
|
20.0
|
52.3
|
-6.9
|
100.0
|
| Philippines |
10.0
|
3.3
|
1.8
|
15.1
|
82.8
|
6.8
|
0.1
|
-4.9
|
100.0
|
| Vietnam |
4.6
|
60.5
|
17.8
|
82.8
|
9.5
|
9.6
|
-
|
-2.0
|
100.0
|
| Malaysia |
6.9
|
38.1
|
19.8
|
64.7
|
10.7
|
32.4
|
0.1
|
-7.8
|
100.0
|
| Ireland |
0.1
|
0.3
|
0.1
|
0.5
|
1.5
|
11.9
|
91.4
|
-5.3
|
100.0
|
| Other countries |
14.8
|
19.7
|
20.1
|
54.5
|
14.3
|
23.1
|
13.0
|
-4.9
|
100.0
|
| All countries |
17.5
|
31.2
|
11.1
|
59.7
|
18.5
|
13.9
|
11.3
|
-3.4
|
100.0
|
| - nil or rounded to zero (including null cells) | |||||||||
| (a) NOM estimates are final and based on the 12/16 month rule methodology. They have not been used in compiling Australia's official estimated resident population (ERP) until September quarter 2006 and onwards. | |||||||||
| (b) The visa category information represents the number of visas based on the visa type at the time of a traveller's specific movement. It is this specific movement that has been used to calculate NOM. | |||||||||
| (c) Top 10 countries of birth, based on all temporary visa holders contributing to NOM in 2008. | |||||||||
| (d) China (excludes SARs and Taiwan). | |||||||||
| (e) United Kingdom, Channel Islands & Isle of Man. | |||||||||
Student visas were not always the main visa for each of the top 10 countries. Around 83% of Philippines-born and 78% of South Africa-born travelled on business long-stay (subclass 457) visas. For Ireland-born, 91% travelled on working holiday visas, while 52% of South Korea-born also travelled on working holiday visas. For the United Kingdom-born, the travellers were more evenly spread across business long-stay (subclass 457) (36%), working holiday (33%), and visitor (30%) visas.
The following table shows temporary visas by country of birth and proportion for each visa type. For the main temporary visa type, those travelling on international student visas, 34% were India-born and 22% were China-born. For travellers on business long-stay (subclass 457) visas, the main country of birth was South Africa (19%), followed by Philippines-born (18%) and the United Kingdom-born (17%). The visitor group was led by the United Kingdom-born (19%) while the main countries of birth for people travelling on working holiday visas were the United Kingdom (26%), Ireland (21%) and South Korea (20%).
NOM(a), Temporary visa type(b) - Country of birth(c): Proportion for each visa type, Australia - 2008
| |||||||||
|
Temporary visa type(b)
| ||||||||
|
Vocational education and training sector
|
Higher education sector
|
Student other
|
Total international student visas
|
Business long-stay (subclass 457)
|
Visitor
|
Working holiday
|
Other temporary visas
|
All temporary visas
|
| Country of birth(c) |
%
|
%
|
%
|
%
|
%
|
%
|
%
|
%
|
%
|
| India |
35.1
|
44.2
|
1.9
|
33.7
|
11.9
|
6.1
|
-
|
10.6
|
22.8
|
| China(d) |
11.6
|
24.6
|
29.6
|
21.7
|
7.9
|
4.5
|
0.3
|
18.0
|
14.5
|
| UK, CIs & IOM(e) |
1.4
|
0.3
|
0.2
|
0.6
|
17.4
|
19.1
|
26.1
|
6.9
|
9.0
|
| South Africa |
0.3
|
0.2
|
0.1
|
0.2
|
19.0
|
5.1
|
0.8
|
-1.9
|
4.5
|
| Nepal |
20.2
|
2.7
|
0.4
|
7.4
|
0.5
|
0.2
|
-
|
0.6
|
4.5
|
| South Korea |
3.4
|
0.4
|
6.4
|
2.4
|
0.3
|
6.1
|
19.8
|
8.6
|
4.3
|
| Philippines |
2.3
|
0.4
|
0.7
|
1.0
|
17.9
|
1.9
|
-
|
5.6
|
4.0
|
| Vietnam |
0.9
|
6.3
|
5.2
|
4.5
|
1.7
|
2.2
|
-
|
1.9
|
3.2
|
| Malaysia |
1.0
|
3.2
|
4.7
|
2.8
|
1.5
|
6.1
|
-
|
5.9
|
2.6
|
| Ireland |
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
0.2
|
2.2
|
20.6
|
3.9
|
2.6
|
| Other countries |
23.7
|
17.7
|
50.9
|
25.6
|
21.7
|
46.4
|
32.2
|
39.9
|
28.0
|
| All countries |
100.0
|
100.0
|
100.0
|
100.0
|
100.0
|
100.0
|
100.0
|
100.0
|
100.0
|
| - nil or rounded to zero (including null cells) | |||||||||
| (a) NOM estimates are final and based on the 12/16 month rule methodology. They have not been used in compiling Australia's official estimated resident population (ERP) until September quarter 2006 and onwards. | |||||||||
| (b) The visa category information represents the number of visas based on the visa type at the time of a traveller's specific movement. It is this specific movement that has been used to calculate NOM. | |||||||||
| (c) Top 10 countries of birth, based on all temporary visa holders contributing to NOM in 2008. | |||||||||
| (d) China (excludes SARs and Taiwan). | |||||||||
| (e) United Kingdom, Channel Islands & Isle of Man. | |||||||||
WHY - MAIN REASON FOR TRAVEL
The reasons people travel to and from Australia are many and varied. They are also self-reported on the Australian incoming and outgoing passenger cards for all temporary movements. Reason data are based on the traveller's intention at the time of arrival to, or departure from, Australia. Travellers, can and may change their reason for journey while onshore or offshore. These changes are not recorded in this analysis.
The data presented in this section are based on NOM arrivals data only. Reason for journey information for permanent migration and return movements is not available from the passenger card.
The main intended reason for journey given by all NOM arrivals, travelling on temporary visas, was education at 45%. The other main reasons were holiday (15%) business (11%) and employment (10%).
The main stated reason for journey is usually aligned to the visa issued to the traveller, but this is not always the case. It should be kept in mind that while the visa is an official document, issued by DIAC, travellers are free to insert any reason on the incoming passenger card. The following table shows the relationship between travel visa and stated reason for journey for temporary NOM arrivals in 2008.
NOM ARRIVALS(a), Temporary visas(b) - Reason for journey(c): Proportion, Australia - 2008
| ||||||||
|
Reason for journey(c)
| |||||||
|
Convention or conference
|
Business
|
Visiting friends or relatives
|
Holiday
|
Employment
|
Education
|
Other & not stated
|
Total
|
| Temporary visas(b) |
%
|
%
|
%
|
%
|
%
|
%
|
%
|
%
|
| Vocational education and training sector |
0.3
|
15.9
|
1.5
|
0.4
|
0.8
|
76.4
|
4.7
|
100.0
|
| Higher education sector |
0.3
|
11.0
|
1.1
|
0.3
|
0.8
|
81.4
|
5.0
|
100.0
|
| Student other |
0.1
|
3.2
|
1.8
|
0.9
|
0.6
|
85.0
|
8.5
|
100.0
|
| Total international student visas |
0.2
|
10.8
|
1.3
|
0.5
|
0.8
|
80.8
|
5.6
|
100.0
|
| Business long-stay (subclass 457) |
6.0
|
19.7
|
4.9
|
5.6
|
38.2
|
5.7
|
19.9
|
100.0
|
| Visitor |
2.0
|
9.5
|
28.3
|
42.9
|
3.0
|
2.9
|
11.4
|
100.0
|
| Working holiday |
1.2
|
0.4
|
4.8
|
57.2
|
21.1
|
4.5
|
10.7
|
100.0
|
| Other temporary visas |
2.6
|
7.7
|
3.8
|
3.2
|
17.1
|
16.5
|
49.0
|
100.0
|
| All temporary visas |
1.7
|
10.9
|
7.1
|
15.1
|
10.2
|
44.6
|
10.5
|
100.0
|
| (a) NOM arrival estimates are final and based on the 12/16 month rule methodology. They have not been used in compiling Australia's official estimated resident population (ERP) until September quarter 2006 and onwards. | ||||||||
| (b) The visa category information in this table represents the number of visas based on the visa type at the time of a traveller's specific movement. It is this specific movement that has been used to calculate NOM. | ||||||||
| (c) As self-reported on the incoming passenger card. | ||||||||
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